"Luddite" is a derogatory term for someone who opposes new or emerging technology, such as augmentations, robots or (in some rather unfair cases) advanced weaponry. The term "Luddite" originated in Victorian Era England, where it was used to describe artisans who opposed new steam-based technology. Another derogatory term used to describe these people was "steam punks."
The term "Luddite" is very broad and has be applied to many different people and movements, from wasteland tribals who hold superstitions against technology to simply ordinary citizens of the civilized world who hold certain grudges or prejudices against new technology.